A further generalization of the notion of imbedding space

The hypothesis that Planck constant is quantized having in principle all possible rational values but with some preferred values implying algebraically simple quantum phases has been one of the main ideas of TGD during last years. The mathematical realization of this idea leads to a profound generalization of the notion of imbedding space obtained by gluing together infinite number of copies of imbedding space along common 4-dimensional intersection. The hope was that this generalization could explain charge fractionization but this does not seem to be the case. This problem led to a futher generalization of the imbedding space and this is what I want to discussed below.

1. Original view about generalized imbedding space

The original generalization of imbedding space was basically following. Take imbedding space H=M⁴×CP₂. Choose submanifold M²×S², where S² is homologically non-trivial geodesic sub-manifold of CP₂. The motivation is that for a given choice of Cartan algebra of Poincare algebra (translations in time direction and spin quantization axis plus rotations in plane orthogonal to this plane plus color hypercharge and isospin) this sub-manifold remains invariant under the transformations leaving the quantization axes invariant.

Form spaces M⁴= M⁴\M² and CP₂ = CP₂\S² and their Cartesian product. Both spaces have a hole of co-dimension 2 so that the first homotopy group is Z. From these spaces one can construct an infinite hierarchy of factor spaces M⁴/G_a and CP2/G_b where G_a is discrete group of SU(2) leaving quantization axis invariant. In case of Minkowski factor this means that the group in question acts essentially as a combination reflection and to rotations around quantization axies of angular momentum. The generalized imbedding space is obtained by gluing all these spaces together along M²×S².

The hypothesis is that Planck constant is given by the ratio hbar= n_a/n_b, where n_i is the order of maximal cyclic subgroups of G_i. The hypothesis states also that the covariant metric of the Minkowski factor is scaled by the factor (n_a/n_b)². One must take care of this in the gluing procedure. One can assign to the field bodies describing both self interactions and interactions between physical systems definite sector of generalized imbedding space characterized partially by the Planck constant. The phase transitions changing Planck constant correspond to tunnelling between different sectors of the imbedding space.

2. Fractionization of quantum numbers is not possible if only factor spaces are allowed

The original idea was that the modification of the imbedding space inspired by the hierarchy of Planck constants could explain naturally phenomena like quantum Hall effect involving fractionization of quantum numbers like spin and charge. This does not however seem to be the case. G_a× G_b implies just the opposite if these quantum numbers are assigned with the symmetries of the imbedding space. For instance, quantization unit for orbital angular momentum becomes n_a where Z_na is the maximal cyclic subgroup of G_a.

One can however imagine obtaining fractionization at the level of imbedding space for space-time sheets, which are analogous to multi-sheeted Riemann surfaces (say Riemann surfaces associated with z^1/n since the rotation by 2π understood as a homotopy of M⁴ lifted to the space-time sheet is a non-closed curve. Continuity requirement indeed allows fractionization of the orbital quantum numbers and color in this kind of situation. Lifting up this idea to the level of imbedding space leads to the generalization of the notion of imbedding space.

3. Both covering spaces and factor spaces are possible

The observation above stimulates the question whether it might be possible in some sense to replace H or its factors by their multiple coverings.

1. This is certainly not possible for M⁴, CP₂, or H since their fundamental groups are trivial. On the other hand, the fixing of quantization axes implies a selection of the sub-space H₄= M²× S²subset M⁴× CP₂, where S² is a geodesic sphere of CP₂. M⁴=M⁴\M² and CP₂=CP₂\S² have fundamental group Z since the codimension of the excluded sub-manifold is equal to two and homotopically the situation is like that for a punctured plane. The exclusion of these sub-manifolds defined by the choice of quantization axes could naturally give rise to the desired situation.

2. H₄ represents a straight cosmic string. Quantum field theory phase corresponds to Jones inclusions with Jones index M:N<4. Stringy phase would by previous arguments correspond to M:N=4. Also these Jones inclusions are labelled by finite subgroups of SO(3) and thus by Z_n identified as a maximal Abelian subgroup.

   One can argue that cosmic strings are not allowed in QFT phase. This would encourage the replacement M⁴×CP₂ implying that surfaces in M⁴×S² and M²×CP₂ are not allowed. In particular, cosmic strings and CP₂ type extremals with M⁴ projection in M² and thus light-like geodesic without zitterwebegung essential for massivation are forbidden. This brings in mind instability of Higgs=0 phase.

3. The covering spaces in question would correspond to the Cartesian products M⁴_na× CP_2nb of the covering spaces of M⁴ and CP₂ by Z_na and Z_nb with fundamental group is Z_na× Z_nb. One can also consider extension by replacing M² and S² with its orbit under G_a (say tedrahedral, octahedral, or icosahedral group). The resulting space will be denoted by M⁴×G_a resp. CP₂×G_b. Product sign does not signify for Caretsian product here.

4. One expects the discrete subgroups of SU(2) emerge naturally in this framework if one allows the action of these groups on the singular sub-manifolds M² or S². This would replace the singular manifold with a set of its rotated copies in the case that the subgroups have genuinely 3-dimensional action (the subgroups which corresponds to exceptional groups in the ADE correspondence). For instance, in the case of M² the quantization axes for angular momentum would be replaced by the set of quantization axes going through the vertices of tedrahedron, octahedron, or icosahedron. This would bring non-commutative homotopy groups into the picture in a natural manner.

   Also the orbifolds M⁴/G_a× CP₂/G_b can be allowed as also the spaces M⁴/G_a× (CP₂×G_b) and (M⁴×G_a)× CP₂/G_b. Hence the previous framework would generalize considerably by the allowance of both coset spaces and covering spaces.

What could be the interpretation of these two kinds of spaces?

1. Jones inclusions appear in two varieties corresponding to M:N<4 and M:N=4 and one can assign a hierarchy of subgroups of SU(2) with both of them. In particular, their maximal Abelian subgroups Z_n label these inclusions. The interpretation of Z_n as invariance group is natural for M: N< 4 and it naturally corresponds to the coset spaces. For M:N=4 the interpretation of Z_n has remained open. Obviously the interpretation of Z_n as the homology group defining covering would be natural.

2. M:N=4 should correspond to the allowance of cosmic strings and other analogous objects. Does the introduction of the covering spaces bring in cosmic strings in some controlled manner? Formally the subgroup of SU(2) defining the inclusion is SU(2) would mean that states are SU(2) singlets which is something non-physical. For covering spaces one would however obtain the degrees of freedom associated with the discrete fiber and the degrees of freedom in question would not disappear completely and would be characterized by the discrete subgroup of SU(2).

   For anyons the non-trivial homotopy of plane brings in non-trivial connection with a flat curvature and the non-trivial dynamics of topological QFTs. Also now one might expect similar non-trivial contribution to appear in the spinor connection of M²×G_a and CP₂×G_b. In conformal field theory models non-trivial monodromy would correspond to the presence of punctures in plane.

3. For factor spaces the unit for quantum numbers like orbital angular momentum is multiplied by n_a resp. n_b and for coverings it is divided by this number. These two kind of spaces are in a well defined sense obtained by multiplying and dividing the factors of H by G_a resp. G_b and multiplication and division are expected to relate to Jones inclusions with M:N< 4 and M:N=4, which both are labelled by a subset of discrete subgroups of SU(2).

4. The discrete subgroups of SU(2) with fixed quantization axes possess a well defined multiplication with product defined as the group generated by forming all possible products of group elements as elements of SU(2). This product is commutative and all elements are idempotent and thus analogous to projectors. Trivial group G₁, two-element group G₂ consisting of reflection and identity, the cyclic groups Z_p, p prime, and tedrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral groups are the generators of this algebra.

   By commutativity one can regard this algebra as an 11-dimensional module having natural numbers as coefficients ("rig"). The trivial group G₁, two-element group G₂ generated by reflection, and tedrahedral, octahedral, and icosahedral groups define 5 generating elements for this algebra. The products of groups other than trivial group define 10 units for this algebra so that there are 11 units altogether. The groups Z_p generate a structure analogous to natural numbers acting as analog of coefficients of this structure. Clearly, one has effectively 11-dimensional commutative algebra in 1-1 correspondence with the 11-dimensional "half-lattice" N¹¹ (N denotes natural numbers). Leaving away reflections, one obtains N⁷. The projector representation suggests a connection with Jones inclusions. An interesting question concerns the possible Jones inclusions assignable to the subgroups containing infinitely manner elements. Reader has of course already asked whether dimensions 11, 7 and their difference 4 might relate somehow to the mathematical structures of M-theory with 7 compactified dimensions.

5. How do the Planck constants associated with factors and coverings relate? One might argue that Planck constant defines a homomorphism respecting the multiplication and division (when possible) by G_i. If so, then Planck constant in units of hbar₀ would be equal to n_a/n_b for H/G_a× G_b option and n_b/n_a for H×(G_a× G_b) with obvious formulas for hybrid cases. This option would put M⁴ and CP₂ in a very symmetric role and allow much more flexibility in the identification of symmetries associated with large Planck constant phases.